Antonio Guterres a souligné que le Conseil de sécurité des Nations Unies était ancré dans une architecture géopolitique qui date de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, lorsque la plupart des nations africaines étaient encore sous domination coloniale. Cette structure n’a pas évolué pour refléter les dynamiques actuelles du monde, particulièrement la montée en puissance de l’Afrique sur la scène mondiale.
« En 1945, la plupart des pays africains d’aujourd’hui étaient encore sous domination coloniale et n’avaient pas voix au chapitre dans les affaires internationales », a déclaré M. Guterres, mettant en avant l’absence de voix permanente de l’Afrique, un continent de plus d’un milliard de personnes, dans cet organe essentiel de paix et de sécurité.
L’appel à corriger l’injustice historique
Le chef de l’ONU a insisté sur la nécessité de corriger cette « injustice historique » en intégrant l’Afrique de manière plus significative au sein du Conseil de sécurité. « Pour garantir la pleine crédibilité et la légitimité de ce Conseil, il faut tenir compte des appels de longue date de l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies et de divers groupes géographiques », a-t-il affirmé.
Le Nouvel Agenda pour la paix, présenté par Guterres en juillet, offre un cadre pour discuter de ces questions lors du prochain Sommet de l’avenir. Ce sommet constitue une occasion cruciale de revoir les structures de gouvernance mondiale pour s’assurer que tous les pays puissent participer de manière équitable.
La composition actuelle du Conseil de sécurité
Le Conseil de sécurité compte actuellement 15 membres, dont cinq permanents avec droit de veto : la Chine, les États-Unis, la France, le Royaume-Uni et la Russie. Les dix autres sièges sont occupés par des membres non permanents, répartis par région : trois pour les États africains, deux pour l’Asie-Pacifique, deux pour l’Amérique latine et les Caraïbes, deux pour l’Europe occidentale et autres États, et un pour les États d’Europe orientale.
Nécessité de réformes substantielles
Dennis Francis, Président de l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies, a également pris la parole pour souligner le rôle essentiel de l’Afrique dans la paix et la sécurité mondiales. Il a partagé ses expériences personnelles au Soudan du Sud et en Haïti, illustrant l’importance croissante de l’Afrique dans la résolution des défis de sécurité.
Francis a appelé les États membres à s’engager de manière constructive dans des réformes substantielles. « Notre objectif est de créer des solutions, selon un processus bien conçu. Et surtout, regagner la confiance de « Nous, les peuples » envers les Nations Unies », a-t-il déclaré, réitérant la nécessité de repenser et de revitaliser le Conseil de sécurité pour un monde en constante évolution.
Alors que des réformes mineures ont été introduites pour améliorer la transparence, comme l’instauration d’un débat automatique à l’Assemblée générale après un veto au Conseil, les appels à des changements plus profonds se multiplient. Le débat initié par la Sierra Leone représente une étape importante vers une reconnaissance accrue de l’Afrique au sein du Conseil de sécurité et souligne l’urgence d’une action collective pour remédier à un déséquilibre historique.









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